不同的方法 IFPA期刊 2023 秋/冬季 22期
Danila Ciencia 描述了她的研究,研究使用按摩療法緩解持久性新冠症狀
自 COVID-19 大流行開始以來,全球已記錄超過 7.5 億例病例和 680 萬例死亡病例(WHO,2023),2021 年世界衛生組織(WHO)估計,10-20% 的感染者將經歷長期影響。
儘管投入了研究和治療(NHS Choices,2021),英國醫學協會呼籲對 COVID 生還者進行更好的管理和護理(BMA,2022),因為他們的生活因疾病、財務後果和心理健康問題而受到限制(Davis 等人,2021;Poletti 等人,2022)。
症狀和影響
持久性新冠(LC)的主要症狀已被確定為疲勞、頭痛、注意力障礙/腦霧、脫髮和呼吸急促/呼吸困難(Davis 等人,2021;Heightman 等人,2021;Lopez-Leon 等人,2021)。這些症狀被認為與初次感染的嚴重程度或先前的病情無關(Yan,Yang & Lai,2021;Daugherty 等人,2021)。持久性新冠可能由長期組織損傷(例如肺、腦和心臟)和病理性炎症(例如病毒持續存在、免疫失調和自體免疫)驅動(Yong,2021)。
本文描述了一項研究,旨在調查按摩療法(MT)和自我護理的組合是否可以緩解症狀,尤其是疲勞、腦霧和呼吸困難。
疲勞和 ME/CFS
持久性新冠的症狀與肌痛性腦脊髓炎/慢性疲勞綜合徵(ME/CFS)、病毒後疲勞綜合徵(PVFS)(Mackay,2021)和纖維肌痛(FMS)(Moldofsky & Patcai,2011)的症狀非常相似。ME/CFS 的症狀包括疲勞、運動後耗竭、神經認知障礙、頭痛、疼痛和睡眠障礙(Carruthers 等人,2011),通常影響心理和情感健康(NHS Choices,2019;Daniels,Parker & Salkovskis,2020;Strand 等人,2019)。
Mackay(2021)認為 COVID-19 是大腦內的一個壓力整合器,它壓倒了下丘腦室旁核(PVN),導致對生理壓力源的過敏,並影響 PVN 的神經迴路。
腦霧
腦霧,也常見於 CFS/ME(Deumer 等人,2021;Krishnan 等人,2022),被描述為思維遲緩、注意力和專注力缺乏、混亂、健忘和精神疲勞。在臨床上與中樞神經系統(CNS)疾病相關(Ocon,2013),在 LC 中通常伴隨情緒症狀(Krishnan 等人,2022)。據認為,在嚴重 COVID-19 感染後,免疫系統產生過量的炎性蛋白(細胞因子),影響血腦屏障並影響神經功能(Calabrese,2020;Mazza 等人,2020;Ocon,2013)。最近的研究表明,長期炎症與抑鬱之間存在聯繫(Mazza 等人,2020)。焦慮、抑鬱和認知障礙似乎在 COVID-19 中普遍存在(Deng 等人,2021),並與認知抱怨密切相關(Almeria 等人,2020;Mazza 等人,2020)。
呼吸困難
呼吸困難被定義為“呼吸急促,一種主觀的呼吸困難或痛苦,通常與心臟或肺部疾病有關”(Stedman 2012)。在 Fernández-De-Las-Peñas 等人(2022)的一項研究中,觀察到感染後七個月的患者,包括年輕、健康的患者。持續的呼吸困難不能用心臟、肺或通氣限制來解釋,表明肌肉缺陷是主要原因(Mohr 等人,2021)。
按摩療法
臨床證據表明,儘管按摩療法(MT)對肌肉骨骼問題有短期益處,但對心理症狀的影響更積極(Kopf,2021)。一項廣泛的文獻綜述顯示只有一項研究調查了 MT 對 LC 的療效。研究觀察到,基於按摩、使用冷熱敷、每日自我按摩和活動練習的早期干預顯著減少了 LC 的疲勞(Heal 等人,2021)。
Al Refaei(2021)同意在 COVID-19 管理中使用 MT,因為研究表明它可能會降低皮質醇和壓力激素水平、全身性炎症和疼痛,並改善患者的臨床結果(Moyer, Rounds & Hannum, 2004; Field et al, 2005)。
目前普遍接受慢性疼痛是由心理、社會和生物因素相互作用影響的,這些因素在 Engel 創建的生物心理社會模型中得到概述(Engel,1981;Wade & Halligan,2017)。MT 長期以來一直認識到身心聯繫。最近,認識到身心聯繫。最近,神經矩陣理論表明,疼痛是一種由大腦對感官輸入、情緒、過去經歷和不良預期的反應所產生的體驗(Melzack,1999)。
認識到疼痛的生理和情感方面及其在敏化中的作用(Latremoliere & Woolf,2009;Serrano-Ibanez 等人,2021),MT 支持客戶掌控他們的治愈過程(Fairweather & Mari,2015)。通過與客戶建立治療聯盟,治療結果可以顯著改善(Ferreira 等人,2013;Gillingham,2017)。
靜按摩方法
靜方法旨在治療慢性疼痛和系統性疾病,使用東西方技術的結合,基於證據的方法,以及治療生物社會模型和治療聯盟。治療包括適當使用 HFMAST 的所有組件(熱或冷、筋膜技術、肌肉觸發點(TrP)療法、指壓、伸展和教授自我護理)。每個組件單獨使用時具有治療效果,但結合使用時效果更強(Fairweather & Mari,2015)。
Fairweather & Mari(2015)提倡使用熱來治療慢性疼痛——放鬆、減少肌肉緊張、增加循環和軟化筋膜。然而,對於經常頭暈的客戶(LC 常見),需要謹慎(Harrison,2021)。
自我筋膜釋放已被證明可以減輕身體壓力(Kim 等人,2014)、抑鬱(Michalak 等人,2012)、緊張性頭痛(Ajimsha,2011)和 FMS(Ecea 等人,2017)。筋膜工作是靜方法治療慢性疼痛和系統性疾病的重要組成部分,符合 Lipton(2010)的觀點,後者認為筋膜炎症可能導致中樞敏化。
一項對 50 名住院患者的研究發現,自我筋膜釋放療法與呼吸物理療法結合使用可以改善呼吸和呼吸困難的感知(Fereydouni 等人,2022)。筋膜專家 Sharkey(2021)提出筋膜干預和運動有助於緩解和管理 LC。
TrP 經常是疼痛和自主現象的原因(Finando & Finando 2005)。其治療與伸展結合使用可以幫助管理肌肉骨骼疼痛(Renan-Ordine 等人,2011;Lew,Kim & Nair,2021),減少肌筋膜疼痛(Shah 等人,2015),並緩解偏頭痛(Ghanbari 等人,2015)。
沒有針對 LC 的針灸研究,但有證據表明它可能改善經前綜合症症狀(Armour 等人,2018),並報告減少應對 COVID-19 的醫療專業人士的焦慮、壓力和抑鬱(Duay & Sánchez-Pérez,2021)。
瑜伽廣泛被認可為減輕疼痛(Posadzki 等人,2011;Zhu 等人,2020)和心理健康(Prathikanti 等人,2017;Telles 等人,2019),伸展運動已知有助於減少壓力和疲勞並改善心理健康(Montero-Marin 等人,2013)。
自我護理可以顯著改善急性/慢性疼痛,如 Watson-Bance(2021)所示。一項對 13 項隨機試驗的綜述得出結論,按摩可能對慢性背痛有益,特別是當與運動和教育結合時(Furlan 等人,2008)。
呼吸練習,作為管理焦慮和呼吸困難的自我護理的重要組成部分,被廣泛用作 COVID-19 恢復工具(Lien,2022)。
研究表明按摩對多種 LC 症狀有效,靜技術對肌肉骨骼和系統性疾病有幫助。結合這些研究的知識,本項目旨在評估 MT 與自我護理結合是否能緩解 LC 症狀,使用修改後的 COVID-19 約克郡康復篩查問卷來測量結果。
研究和方法
研究的倫理批准和使用診所設施的許可已從靜高級按摩訓練獲得。參與者通過社交媒體和診所展示的海報招募。那些表達興趣的人收到了一封介紹性電子郵件,隨後是在線篩選表格以確定資格。研究前兩週,六名符合條件的申請者完成了同意書並參加了30分鐘的在線臨床諮詢。
COVID-19 約克郡康復篩查(C19-YRS)是第一個經過驗證的問卷,用於從生物心理社會的角度評估受 COVID-19 影響的多個身體系統,以提供多學科康復護理(O'Connor 等人,2022)。它由 NHS England 推薦並使用。後來的修改版本考慮了最近的研究和醫療專業人員的反饋(Sivan 等人,2022),並選擇用於本研究,因為它使用方便。
該研究在“受試者內”設計中進行,適合少量參與者。參與者在治療干預前的六週內每週在線完成 C19-YRSm 問卷。結果提供了症狀的基線水平。
在第7-12週,進行了六次每週一次的臨床環境一對一治療干預。每次包括30分鐘的手工操作和10分鐘的呼吸意識和自我護理指導,以便在家練習。沒有音樂——讓參與者調整呼吸——也沒有接觸氣味,保持中性環境。
研究協議使用靜方法治療肋骨、胸部和腹部以及慢性壓力和疼痛(Fairweather & Mari,2015)。30分鐘的治療包括熱應用、筋膜工作、TrP 工作、伸展、指壓,最後以靜止工作結束。
注意確保舒適的壓力水平。自我護理指導包括呼吸意識、由呼吸引導的輕柔運動和輕柔的伸展運動。建議每天練習,並提醒如有任何不適或引發症狀應停止。還要求參與者保持活動日誌並記錄任何觸發因素。參與者在干預期間每次會話後五到六天內完成 C19-YRSm 問卷。
結果
研究開始時有六名參與者,但由於正當理由,兩名參與者在研究期間退出。因此,分析基於四名完成研究的參與者(全部為女性,年齡範圍26至77歲)所收集的數據。兩人有既存的醫療狀況,一人在感染後發展為姿勢性心動過速綜合症並正在接受治療,另一人在感染後患上了貝爾麻痺。
在 C19-YRSm 的 15 個問題中,疲勞和運動後不適(PEM)記錄的平均得分最高,為2.8。到研究結束時,疲勞的平均得分減少了0.5,儘管這一得分波動。PEM 記錄了稍微好一點的改善,為0.8。
呼吸困難的顯著改善,干預後的平均得分為0.4(研究開始時為1.1)。在第9、10和11週期間的輕微增加似乎與外部溫度降低和降雨量增加以及濕度增加相吻合。分量表記錄了上樓梯時的呼吸困難,顯示從研究開始的2.3顯著減少到研究結束時的1.3。
最有意義的變化出現在認知方面,尤其是集中注意力和記憶力,分別提高了1.7和1.2。焦慮(從1.8到0.5)、抑鬱(從1.3到0.3)和健康感知(從3.8到5.8)也有顯著改善。除了味覺和嗅覺,這兩者在研究開始時就解決了,其他可變症狀也有所改善,所有 C19-YRSm 的症狀都有所改善。特別感興趣的是咳嗽和胸痛的穩定減少與呼吸困難相一致,心悸和頭暈的驚人減少。
討論
研究結果顯示,靜高級臨床按摩方法有助於減輕症狀的嚴重程度並改善感知的健康狀態,表明 MT 可以有效管理 LC。這與 Al Refaei(2021)一致,他建議將 MT 作為急性環境中 COVID-19 患者護理的補充。干預旨在集中於三種最嚴重的症狀:疲勞、腦霧/認知和呼吸困難。所有這些在研究期間都有所改善。
症狀中最顯著的改善是認知,特別是集中注意力。Krishnan 等人(2022)建議進行輕柔的運動以幫助從腦霧中恢復,而劉等人(2018)和孫、曾和潘(2016)發現指壓可以改善認知功能。這兩個元素都是參與者自我護理工具的一部分,可能有助於減少症狀。
Krishnan 等人(2022)和 Almeria 等人(2020)同意認知問題與心理健康之間存在聯繫。精神症狀如焦慮、抑鬱、睡眠問題和 PTSD 在 COVID-19 生還者中佔很大比例(Mazza 等人,2020)。所有研究參與者都有焦慮和抑鬱,並顯著改善,焦慮減少了 72%,抑鬱減少了 7%。
根據 Moyer、Rounds 和 Hannum(2014)的說法,即使一次 MT 治療也減少了焦慮和抑鬱。Field 等人(1997)表明,一次按摩治療後抑鬱、焦慮和疲勞得到改善,並在五週的治療期間繼續改善。這可能是因為 MT 激活神經遞質釋放(血清素和多巴胺)並通過其減少壓力的效果(降低皮質醇),在抑鬱和自體免疫狀況的研究中得到審查(Field,2005)。
伸展運動被發現可以改善柔韌性、疼痛、疲勞和心理健康(Montero Marin 等人,2013)。同樣,瑜伽似乎可以改善心理健康、生活質量的各個方面,並積極改變對慢性疾病的看法(Telles 等人,2019)。使用這些經過驗證的技術,本研究參與者似乎受益於運動效果。此外,在干預中包括鎮靜和接地的指壓點可能有助於減少焦慮、壓力和抑鬱,如 Abuye 和 Sánchez-Pérez(2021)所建議。
有趣的是,在研究的最後兩週焦慮增加,與疲勞增加同時發生。這與干預期開始時的情況相吻合,當時在疲勞略有改善後焦慮減少,表明這兩種症狀之間存在聯繫,如 Townsend 等人(2021)所報告。
患有 CFS 和其他慢性疼痛障礙的人,受到許多症狀的挑戰,生活質量較低(Strand 等人,2019),疲勞閾值較低(Carruthers 等人,2011)。這可能解釋了在第 12 和第 13 週疲勞增加的原因,當時兩名參與者在增加活動量時出現了復發。儘管如此,我們仍可以觀察到 17.8% 的改善,這表明儘管 MT 對疲勞有益,但更好的節奏和症狀管理教育可以防止復發。
在家務、運動或購物等活動方面也有顯著改善。初始高分 2.5 減少了 52%,儘管第 12 週略有增加,表明與疲勞的另一個聯繫。本研究未具體強調 PEM,但與疲勞一起評為初始最高分,記錄了 29% 的正向減少。
如 Sharkey(2021)和 Fereydounnia 等人(2022)所提議,筋膜干預似乎促進了更容易的呼吸和減少的呼吸困難感,因此在本研究中使用筋膜技術可能促進了症狀的減少。
儘管缺乏對成人的研究,Wu、Yan 和 Zhang(2017)得出結論,MT 可以有效治療兒童哮喘,Field 等人(1998)表明它改善了一項肺功能測量,Fattah 和 Hamdy(2011)記錄了兩項兒童肺功能的主要改善。
一個20分鐘的正念呼吸課程已被發現有助於減少肺癌、COPD 和哮喘患者的呼吸困難(Tan 等人,2019)。在本研究中,干預的最後10分鐘和大部分處方自我護理都集中在呼吸意識上。Kader 等人(2022)在他們對住院患者的實驗中使用了類似的練習,記錄了他們在外周氧飽和度、呼吸和心率方面的改善。
自我護理的依從性變化很大,並鼓勵參與者根據 Fairweather 和 Mari(2015)的建議來調節活動。值得注意的是,三名承諾定期自我護理的參與者在干預期間經歷了更顯著的改善。這與使用干預期的研究一致。這與一項使用靜方法治療非特異性肩痛的研究一致,該研究發現每週進行三次自我護理比參與者過度或不足時效果更好(Watson-Bance,2021)。
據報導,同樣的三名參與者在與治療師的互動中顯得更加積極,這與 Ferreira 等人(2013)的結論一致,他們認為積極的治療聯盟與慢性下背痛的更好結果有關。類似地,Gillingham(2017)比較了兩組慢性背痛患者——一組接受 MT,另一組接受 MT 並結合治療聯盟——發現第二組在疼痛、強度、活力和恐懼回避方面有更大改善。
症狀如腦霧(Ocon,2013),對生理壓力源的過敏(Mackay,2021)和情緒困擾(Serrano-Ibáñez 等人,2021)是中樞神經系統敏化的公認特徵,這可能在 LC 中起作用。長期遭受嚴重症狀,加上對未能恢復的恐懼,導致災難化,進一步影響中樞神經系統。如 Fairweather 和 Mari(2015)所提議,熟練的 MT、教育、自我護理和幫助客戶避免災難化可以幫助治愈並有助於減少中樞敏化。
研究中的肌肉和關節疼痛改善比焦慮和抑鬱要慢,這與 Kopf(2021)的結果一致,他表明 MT 可以對心理症狀產生比肌肉骨骼問題更積極的結果。
這項研究的結果表明,在 LC 患者護理中實施 MT 的價值,特別是像靜方法(Fairweather 和 Mari,2015)這樣的混合方法模式,並支持 Heald 等人(2021)取得的結果。建議進行進一步的研究,以提供更多證據來促進臨床 MT 對 LC 的益處並鼓勵其在醫療系統中的實施。
結論
本項目受到規模小的限制。規模更大、更長時間的研究,使用更多個性化的治療,將顯示更廣泛和更長期的結果。然而,本研究的數據顯示,使用靜高級臨床按摩方法管理 LC 症狀時可以觀察到積極的結果,最顯著的改善記錄在腦霧、焦慮和抑鬱以及整體健康狀況。這些結果應鼓勵手動治療師和初級保健提供者考慮在多學科護理干預中包括臨床 MT 來管理 LC。
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