芳療在傳統養蜂中的應用 - NAHA期刊 2023 冬季

NAHA期刊
2024-03-13

目錄

芳療在傳統養蜂中的應用 - NAHA期刊 2023 冬季 芳療 精油 NAHA 芳療師 蜂蜜 蜜蜂 茶樹 薑
芳療在傳統養蜂中的應用 - NAHA期刊 2023 冬季

 

蜜蜂的授粉貢獻

全球範圍內,蜜蜂在農業和野生棲息地中貢獻了大部分的授粉服務。廣為人知的蜜蜂種類,蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera),作為一種非本地種群,目前定居在美國,但是原產於歐洲、亞洲和非洲大陸。2015年的一項跨越五大洲的研究發現,野生蜜蜂和蜜蜂在授粉服務方面的估計貢獻約為每公頃3251美元(每種蜜蜂)。1

在美國,人們主要關注蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera),因為它在商業上被廣泛使用,並且是該國唯一的蜜蜂。好奇的人們常常問到養蜂人面臨的主要問題,並詢問有關蜜蜂群崩潰症(CCD)的問題,這是蜜蜂群體突然消失的情況,通常會留下蜂后。然而,通過大量研究,人們得出了結論:“雖然許多因素與CCD和一般授粉者減少有關,但尚未確定任何單一因素或特定組合因素作為原因。”與減少有關的因素包括疾病/寄生蟲、營養、農藥、蜜蜂管理實踐、棲息地碎片化和農業實踐。2

在2022年7月,瓢蟲蜂蟎(Varroa destructor)對澳大利亞的影響在全球引起了迴響,成千上萬的蜂群被摧毀以根除這一害蟲。經過15個月的根除計劃後,澳大利亞決定轉而採取管理措施,而不是根除3。儘管“瓢蟲蜂蟎(Varroa destructor)”被指定為“養蜂人的公敵#1”4,但在美國的一項全國性調查中,養蜂人將不同的問題列為優先。研究人員“調查了美國305個養蜂場,共計324,571個蜂箱。根據接受訪談的養蜂人的說法,他們認為主要的問題是‘蜂后不好’(不健康的蜂后不會很好地繁殖),31%的死蜂群是由於母后出現一個或多個問題造成的。相比之下,餓死(28%)、瓢蟲蜂蟎(24%)和CCD(9%)是導致死亡的原因,但發生率較低。”5養蜂人將由繁殖源頭來的蜂后的不理想狀況,列為比其他所有問題都更重要的問題,包括瓢蟲蜂蟎。

基因多樣性與蜂群生存

研究持續支持基因多樣性作為蜂群生存的主要驅動因素,通過與多個雄蜂交配。例如,Tarpy等人監測了81個蜂群,發現蜂后交配頻率與蜂群存活率之間存在關聯。他們發現,隨著雄蜂交配次數的增加,蜂群的存活率提高了48%,“在整體蜂群存活率上有一個顯著的閾值效應親子頻率(me = 7)”6。增加雄蜂交配,增加了蜂后子嗣中女性工蜂的基因多樣性,因為基因上不同的女性工蜂(採集蜜者)可以不同程度地承受壓力,增加了蜂群的存活率。

不幸的是,用於對抗瓢蟲蜂蟎的蜂巢內殺蟎劑,因為它們是廣譜毒物,可能會對蜜蜂造成傷害。一項2016年的研究比較了一個未經處理的對照蜂巢和按照製造商說明進行處理的蜂巢,發現處理過的蜜蜂的腸道微生物群有顯著變化7。腸道微生物群的變化也會改變生物的營養狀況,影響健康、存活和繁殖。一項2018年的研究發現,他們測試的殺蟎劑“對蜜蜂營養指標產生了影響,表現為蛋白質水平和碳水化合物水平下降,對社會免疫力產生影響,表現為GOX活性增加,對生長和發育產生影響,表現為體重、頭寬和翅長的改變。8”因此,研究瓢蟲基因的研究人員宣稱,“由於寄生蟲和宿主(瓢蟲和蜜蜂)之間的相對密切關係,開發對瓢蟲有效但對蜜蜂無害的殺蟲劑尤為困難。9”具有諷刺意味的是,Entomology Today的一篇文章建議養蜂人從未經處理的蜂場獲取蜂巢蠟,以減少其蜂群接觸殺蟎劑的風險。10

歐洲蜜蜂的亞種

蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)原產於亞洲、歐洲和非洲,在其廣闊的地理分布範圍內,進化出多種行為和形態上的適應來應對不同的氣候、地理、植被和捕食者。因此,科學家將具有這些不同適應性的蜜蜂歸為二十多個不同的“亞種”,以幫助識別其特徵和遺傳起源14。蜜蜂首次被引入美洲是當第一批殖民者在1622年左右將歐洲蜜蜂亞種(Apis mellifera mellifera)帶到了詹姆斯敦。這種溫和的蜜蜂,色澤深沉,適應了美國東北部的環境,在接下來的239年間廣泛分佈15。然而,在1922年,美國通過了蜜蜂法案,將來自意大利(Apis mellifera ligustica)和伊比利亞(Apis mellifera iberiensis)的蜜蜂引入美國。這些亞種具有獨特的顏色、行為和外觀,並且適應了溫暖氣候16。這些蜜蜂的特性導致了美國市場上出現了與其原生蜜蜂(Apis mellifera mellifera)不同的“生態”17

蜜蜂管理實踐

養蜂管理實踐包括選擇和改進蜜蜂群體的基因和管理實踐,以提高生產力和生存能力。一項研究發現,在這些實踐中,增加雄蜂交配頻率能顯著提高蜂群的存活率6。然而,管理措施需要考慮到蜂群的長期健康和生態系統的健康,而不是僅僅關注生產力。例如,選擇在沒有暴露於有害殺蟎劑的環境中繁殖蜜蜂,可以有助於保護蜜蜂的腸道微生物群7

蜜獵

在不同的文化和歷史中,蜜獵是一種重要的活動。原住民使用各種方法來收集蜂蜜,例如設置樹洞和人工巢穴。他們通過這些方法獲得蜜蜂產品,同時也尊重蜜蜂的生態角色。蜜獵者還會利用蜜蜂的行為來確定蜜源的位置,這是一種傳承下來的技巧18

刺蜜蜂物種

刺蜜蜂(Stingless Bees)是一種非洲原生蜜蜂,因為其無刺而得名。這些蜜蜂主要分佈在熱帶和亞熱帶地區,如中美洲、南美洲和非洲。它們的蜂蜜具有特殊的味道和質地,並且在當地文化中擁有重要的經濟和文化價值19

原住民的養蜂傳統

原住民在養蜂方面有著悠久的傳統,這些傳統深深根植於他們的文化和宗教實踐中。原住民利用蜂蜜和蜂蠟來進行醫療、宗教儀式以及日常生活。他們的養蜂實踐往往強調可持續性和尊重自然20

 

蜜蜂避開噴霧


 

作為一名養蜂人,我常常需要告訴蜜蜂去哪裡或不要去哪裡。這是我在養蜂中使用芳香療法和精油的一種方式。


 

您需要一個1盎司(30毫升)的玻璃噴霧瓶來製作這種混合物。這是一種25%濃度的精油(約150滴)。


 

成分:

1盎司(30毫升)的蒸餾蘆薈(蘆薈屬)汁作為載體(它不會像水一樣很快變質)


 

精油:

50滴茶樹(茶樹)精油(Melaleuca alternifolia)

50滴迷迭香(迷迭香)精油(Salvia rosmarinus)

50滴薑(薑)精油(Zingiber officinale)


 

製作方法:將所有成分混合在玻璃瓶中。蓋上蓋子,輕輕搖晃。貼上標籤。

使用方法:使用前請搖勻,並噴在硬表面上。

注意事項:此混合物不適用於皮膚。它適用於如野餐桌等您希望蜜蜂活動的區域。在兒童和寵物周圍使用時請小心。

參考文獻

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45. Oliveira, E. (2023, October 16). Brazil’s Indigenous communities turn to native beekeeping to recover nature. Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved from: https:// news.mongabay.com/2023/10/brazils-indigenous communities-turn-to-native-beekeeping-to-recover-nature/
 

Amanda Plunkett
經過多年與環境疾病的折磨後,Amanda 轉向了整全醫學。她於2015年在 Jade Shutes 的指導下取得了高級芳香療法和內部使用認證,總培訓時間超過500小時,現在作為NAHA認證臨床芳香療法師®為社區服務。2016年,她創辦了Bee Rooted公司,致力於倡導健康環境並拯救惱人的蜜蜂。從那時起,她還成功完成了一門園藝課程,並通過有機景觀協會和東北有機農業協會獲得了有機草坪護理專業認證。 作為一位環境疾病的幸存者,她覺得她與蜜蜂有著特殊的關係,因為它們也對微小的環境變化敏感。她利用自己的經驗來提高對更健康環境的認識,在全國各地提供關於整全個人護理、有機景觀和為授粉者開發棲息地的諮詢和演講。Amanda是NAHA的南加州區域主任。要了解更多關於Amanda的資訊,請訪問她的網站BeeRooted.com。
美容芳療
年會速讀
NAHA
芳療師
蜂蜜
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