琴酒裡的杜松傳奇:從防腐抗菌到文化風味的演化史 / NAHA芳療協會期刊 2022 秋季

NAHA期刊
2025-10-17

來一杯琴酒:杜松的故事

從民族植物學的角度來看,杜松的「漿果」、樹皮與木材萃取物在傳統上已有廣泛用途。杜松漿果(Juniperus communis)精油以具備止痛、抗菌、抗黴與抗氧化等作用聞名,是我們芳療工具箱中的常客。我們在調香與研發時,也可能會使用同科近親如東方紅柏/雪J. virginiana)。然而,杜松屬(Juniperus)的「身分」歷來多變,值得特別梳理。以東方紅柏/雪J. virginiana)為例,它曾用於香水、驅蟲、顯微鏡學,以及木材加工。琴酒(gin)的發展史,尤其在這個具藥用價值的家族上留下濃重的一筆。本文試圖打開那段歷史,更深入理解這個屬。


植物背景

杜松屬是多樣而廣布於北半球的植物群,常被合稱為紅柏、心材或雪。它們主要生長於北美的特定區域與土耳其等山地,目前約分類為 70 個物種。作為一個整體,杜松能在暑寒極端間存活,因此美國某些州將其視為「侵入性」物種,因為其生物量產出龐大。

這類常綠針葉樹可呈大型灌木(高至 5 公尺)或大型喬木(高至 40 公尺)。其木材因高度抗白蟻而成為理想的建材,同時也被用來蒸餾雪精油(J. virginiana)。

杜松屬的辨識要點為關節狀、堅硬的針狀葉(見圖 1),唯獨 J. sabina 例外,葉多呈鱗片狀。美國木材產業中,Juniperus virginiana 的葉常被視為廢棄物,經常被焚燒或棄置——十分可惜,這些葉子應該有更好的用途。

「漿果」源自被子植物單一花朵的子房;但杜松群屬於裸子植物,不開花也不結果。人們稱作杜松「漿果」的,其實在植物學上是「球果」(見圖 2)。杜松主要靠風授粉;鳥類與其他動物則協助其種子散播。這種動物—植物互動,正是杜松能在特殊棲地成功擴張的機制之一。

如同其他植物,部分杜松物種在多年來曾被重新分類,因而可能出現多個學名版本;有些差異甚至尚未獲得學界一致同意。例如 J. virginiana 被分為兩個變種:傳統的 J. virginiana var. virginiana  J. virginiana var. silicicola;也有人將 silicicola 視為獨立物種 J. silicicola。閱讀舊文獻時請特別留意,以免被名稱混淆。


療癒者

許多原住民族使用植物萃取物作為抗發炎劑,以處理感染與腫脹。北美切羅基族以東方紅柏/雪J. virginiana)治療感冒、驅蟲與多種疾病;對於 J. communis 也有類似的用途記載。

研究顯示,杜松精油的抗菌譜較市售產品更為廣泛。結合其促進皮膚細胞活性、殺菌與促進癒合的能力,杜松精油幾乎是處理痤瘡的理想方案。多個杜松物種的抗發炎性已獲證實;希臘杜松J. excelsa)葉的抗菌性被記錄對結核與其他發炎性疾病有益。

多種杜松物種的「傷口癒合」效應已被確認,且多數研究使用外用形式;相關證據來自體外與體內試驗。2011 年的一項研究也支持民間療法的傳統:刺杜松J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus)與腓尼基杜松J. phoenicea)在癒合效能上,顯著優於部分商業精油。


J. communis 在大鼠實驗中顯示具墮胎性,但推估在人類需極高劑量才可能發生,因此在一般芳療用量下不構成實際風險。安全性評估亦指出,杜松萃取物與焦油通常安全,且不易引發刺激或致敏。

杜松屬在物種間與地理上呈現高度形態變異;同一物種在不同生態條件下也可能外觀不同。先前研究亦指出,同一杜松物種的個體,其化學成分可能差異極大,這也增加了解讀其生物活性的困難。

從演化的角度看,這些差異就更好理解了:例如杜松的抗菌性,多半是植物為了防禦而合成的化學物質。就像草食性動物取食杜松的情況:有研究觀察鹿攝食落磯山杜松J. scopulorum)後,葉片會改變牠們的腸道微生物相而使之不適,導致牠們日後避食杜松。依不同的採食壓力,植物內的化學組成也會改變。杜松油亦可作為「生物型防腐劑」,被視為食品與化妝品產業中較安全的保存替代方案。


當美事走味:琴酒

對植物學家來說,聽到「杜松」往往會想到琴酒的有趣歷史。早在西元 70 年,杜松漿果(J. communis)就被記載與酒精同用:浸泡於葡萄酒,被認為能助於胸部疾患。到了 11 世紀,杜松漿果被視為藥用;1415 世紀經低地國家傳至德國。隨著蒸餾術變化,藥物逐漸變為烈酒,也累積了與風味相關的萜烯化學史與文化影響。

16 世紀,荷蘭以杜松釀製出名為 genever 的烈酒。到 17 世紀,「gin」一詞首次見於 1714 Bernard Mandeville 的《The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices, Publick Benefits》。早期鋸屑參與的工法使酒體「混濁」,但價格低廉、容易取得。


18 世紀的英格蘭,每年消耗 4,700 萬公升的琴酒。琴酒課稅每加侖 2 便士,啤酒則要 4 先令 9 便士;而一般人負擔不起法國葡萄酒或白蘭地。廉價而烈性的琴酒催生了「琴酒狂熱(Gin Craze)」,人們經常飲用品質低劣且濃度高的烈酒,因其中化學組成而被描述為「瘋狂」。久而久之,琴酒與貧窮、疾病、墮落連結在一起;社會言論甚至指稱婦女疏於照顧子女且淪為娼妓。1751 年,英國政府通過《琴酒法》,降低啤酒價格以遏止飲用琴酒、改善公共健康。1830 年經改良的蒸餾器造就更乾淨的酒液,使琴酒更可口、風險更低,消費再次上升。(完整歷史可參見 Richard BarnettThe Book of Gin》。)

今日的琴酒為無色蒸餾酒,製程多樣。傳統風格常以杜松漿果的萜類為基調,並加入芫荽(Coriandrum sativum)籽、當歸(Angelica archangelica)根與柑橘(Citrus spp.)果皮等。最終可呈現杜松、芫荽、辛香、茴香樣、花香與果香等風味層次。雖然「藥酒」的想像已遠去,但琴酒依然受歡迎——2022 年全球琴酒營收估計約 130 億美元,且年成長率約 11%


結語

若想與精油建立更深的連結,我們需要回到「來源植物」的真實歷史。就杜松而言,眾多物種交織出豐富的文化變遷與傳說;更重要的是,它也讓我們一窺藥物如何誕生,並在與人類的互動中調整與演化。把這段歷史帶入客戶經驗,有助於更深的同理與連結,進而支持療癒歷程。至於我們——不妨點一杯琴酒,慢慢啜飲;杜松,確實是多才多藝的植物。

致謝

感謝 Patricia B. Cox Lois Kreitzer-Housler 協助拍攝杜松植株。沒有她們的幫忙,本文不會如此完整動人。謝謝你們的友情。


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Tyler C. Wilson

Tyler C. Wilson 為羅諾學院(Roanoke College)生物學系四年級學生研究員,研究興趣聚焦於植物生物學與天然物開發。畢業後計畫投入天然物化學相關工作。聯絡:tcwilson@mail.roanoke.edu。 DorothyBelle(DB) Poli 博士 DorothyBelle Poli 為維吉尼亞州塞勒姆羅諾學院生物學教授,亦任職維吉尼亞自然史博物館研究助理。

她是演化植物生理學家,研究植物荷爾蒙如何影響軸生結構的形成。2005 年獲馬里蘭大學植物生物學博士,並於 Aromahead Institute 取得芳療師資格。她與人共同主持龍形研究協作(Dragon Research Collaborative),跨領域探討植物化石如何促成世界各地的龍之民俗傳說。聯絡:poli@roanoke.edu。